عبدالقدوس

فہرست مسلم ایجادات (بترتیب زمانی) ایجاد زمانہ موجد
قطب نما (عربی:أسطرلاب) --
نزولی چھتری
(parachute) 900ء ارمین فیرمن
آئینہ 1100ء
گلائڈر عباس بن فرناس
گھڑی عباس بن فرناس
روزنی عکاسہ
(Pinhole Camera) ابن الہثم
صابن
مسواک
دور بین
(telescope)
(انگریزی:Gun Powder)
(انگریزی: Windmill)
الجبرا
(Fountain pen) 953ء

__________________

پاکستانی لڑکی

میں اب تک سمجھتی رہی ہوں کہ Windmill گوروں نے ایجاد کی تھی!

پاکستانی

بہت اچھی معلومات دی ہیں آپ نے شکریہ

الو

Aircraft technology

[edit] Parachute
In 9th century Islamic Spain, Armen Firman invented a primitive version of the parachute.[1][2][3][4] John H. Lienhard described it in The Engines of Our Ingenuity as follows:

"In 852, a new Caliph and a bizarre experiment: A daredevil named Armen Firman decided to fly off a tower in Cordova. He glided back to earth, using a huge winglike cloak to break his fall. He survived with minor injuries, and the young Ibn Firnas was there to see it."[5]


[edit] Hang glider
Shortly afterwards, Abbas Ibn Firnas built the first hang glider, which may have also been the first manned glider. Knowledge of Firman and Firnas' flying machines spread to other parts of Europe from Arabic references.[1][2]

According to Philip Hitti in History of the Arabs:

"Ibn Firnas was the first man in history to make a scientific attempt at flying."


[edit] Artificial wings
Ibn Firnas' hang glider was the first to have artificial wings, though the flight was eventually unsuccessful. According to Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century, Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi was the first aviator to have made a successful flight with artificial wings between 1630-1632.[6]


[edit] Rocket aircraft
According to Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century, Lagari Hasan Çelebi launched himself in the air in a rocket, which was composed of a large cage with a conical top filled with gunpowder. The flight was accomplished as a part of celebrations performed for the birth of Ottoman Emperor Murad IV's daughter in 1633. He is said to have made a soft landing in the Bosporus by using the wings attached to his body after the gunpowder was consumed and was rewarded by the sultan with a valuable military position in the Ottoman army. The flight was estimated to have lasted about twenty seconds and the maximum height reached around 300 metres.[6]


[edit] Astronomical instruments
Main article: Islamic astronomy
Muslim astronomers developed a number of astronomical instruments, including several variations of the astrolabe, originally invented by Hipparchus in the 2nd century BCE, but with considerable improvements made to the device in the Muslim world.


[edit] Astrolabes
Brass astrolabe by Fazari.[7]
Earliest surviving astrolabe in 315 AH (927-928 CE).
Mechanical astrolabes by Ibn Samh.[8]
Orthographical astrolabe by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented in the 11th century.[9]
Saphaea by Arzachel of Andalusia in Islamic Spain.
Linear astrolabe (a.k.a. "staff of al-Tusi") by Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī.[10]
Spherical astrolabe in the 14th century.

[edit] Other instruments
Quadrant in Iraq.[11]
Sine quadrant and horary quadrant in 9th century Baghdad.[11]
Sextant by Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi in Ray, Iran in 994.[12]
Equatorium in Islamic Spain around 1015.
Astrometric device in Islamic Spain around 1015.
Planisphere and star chart by Abu Rayhan al-Biruni in the 11th century.[9]
Celestial globe in the 11th century.

[edit] Camera technology

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), the "father of optics" and pioneer of the modern scientific method, invented the camera obscura and pinhole camera.In ancient times, Euclid and Ptolemy believed that the eyes emitted rays which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that rays of light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), who is regarded as the "father of optics".[13] He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one, with his development of the scientific method. The word "camera" comes from the Arabic word qamara for a dark or private room.[14]


[edit] Pinhole camera
Ibn al-Haytham first described pinhole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters.[14]


[edit] Camera obscura
Ibn al-Haytham worked out that the smaller the hole, the better the picture, and set up the first camera obscura,[14] a precursor to the modern camera.

الو

Chemical technology
Main article: Alchemy (Islam)

Geber, the father of chemistry, invented the alembic still and many chemicals, including distilled alcohol, and established the perfume industry.Distillation was known to the Babylonians, Greeks and Egyptians since ancient times, but chemists during the Islamic Golden Age made significant advances to the techniques of distillation and developed several different variations of it.


[edit] Chemical processes
Liquefaction, crystallisation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation and filtration by Geber in the 9th century.[14]
Steam distillation by Avicenna in the 11th century.[15]

[edit] Laboratory apparatus
Alembic and still by Geber in the 9th century.[16]
Retort by Geber.[17]
Thermometer and air thermometer by Avicenna in the 11th century.[18]
Conical measure by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the 11th century.[19][20]
Laboratory flask and pycnometer by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī.[21]
Hydrostatic balance and steelyard by al-Khazini in 1121.[21]

[edit] Chemical substances
Ahmad Y Hassan wrote:

"The distillation of wine and the properties of alcohol were known to Islamic chemists from the eighth century. The prohibition of wine in Islam did not mean that wine was not produced or consumed or that Arab alchemists did not subject it to their distillation processes. Jabir ibn Hayyan described a cooling technique which can be applied to the distillation of alcohol."[22]

Other chemical substances invented by Muslims include:

Distilled alcohol by Geber in the 8th century.[23]
Uric acid and nitric acid by Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) in the 9th century.[14]
Alcohol in chemistry and medicine in the 10th century.[23]

Al-Razi (Rhazes) used mercurial compounds as topical antiseptics, wrote various modern recipes for soap, and first described kerosene and kerosene lamps.The distillation of petroleum by al-Razi (Rhazes) in 9th century Baghdad.[24]
Kerosene and Kerosene lamp by al-Razi (Rhazes).[24]
Essential oil by Avicenna in the 11th century.[15]
Petrol by Muslim chemists.[25]
Hygienic cosmetics by Muslim chemists.[26]
Dyestuff by Muslim chemists.[27]
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization IV: The Age of Faith:

"Chemistry as a science was almost created by the Moslems; for in this field, where the Greeks (so far as we know) were confined to industrial experience and vague hypothesis, the Saracens introduced precise observation, controlled experiment, and careful records. They invented and named the alembic (al-anbiq), chemically analyzed innumerable substances, composed lapidaries, distinguished alkalis and acids, investigated their affinities, studied and manufactured hundreds of drugs. Alchemy, which the Moslems inherited from Egypt, contributed to chemistry by a thousand incidental discoveries, and by its method, which was the most scientific of all medieval operations."[16]

Robert Briffault wrote in The Making of Humanity:

"Chemistry, the rudiments of which arose in the processes employed by Egyptian metallurgists and jewellers combining metals into various alloys and 'tinting' them to resemble gold processes long preserved as a secret monopoly of the priestly colleges, and clad in the usual mystic formulas, developed in the hands of the Arabs into a widespread, organized passion for research which led them to the invention of distillation, sublimation, filtration, to the discovery of alcohol, of nitric and sulphuric acids (the only acid known to the ancients was vinegar), of the alkalis, of the salts of mercury, of antimony and bismuth, and laid the basis of all subsequent chemistry and physical research."[28]


[edit] Hygiene products
Modern recipe for soap, combining vegetable oils (such as olive oil) with sodium hydroxide and aromatics (such as thyme oil), by al-Razi (Rhazes).[14]
Soap bar by al-Razi (Rhazes).[14]
Sodium Lye (Al-Soda Al-Kawia), Perfumed and colored soaps, and liquid and solid soaps by Muslim chemists.[26]
Recipes for soaps, such as ones made from sesame oil, potash, alkali, lime, and molds, leaving hard soap (soap bar).[26]
Shampoo by the Bengali Muslim Sake Dean Mahomet in 1759.[14]

[edit] Perfumery

Al-Kindi invented a wide variety of scent and perfume products, and is considered the father of the perfume industry.Perfume usage recorded in 7th century Arabian Peninsula.
Miswaak by Muhammad in 7th century Arabian Peninsula.
Perfume industry established by Geber (Jabir) (b. 722, Iraq) and al-Kindi (b. 801, Iraq).[29]
Jabir developed many techniques, including distillation, evaporation and filtration, which enabled the collection of the odour of plants into a vapour that could be collected in the form of water or oil.[29]
Al-Kindi carried out extensive research and experiments in combining various plants and other sources to produce a variety of scent products.
Al-Kindi elaborated a vast number of recipes for a wide range of perfumes, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
The preparation of a perfume called ghaliya, which contained musk, amber and other ingredients, and the use of various drugs and apparatus, by al-Kindi.
Extraction of fragrances through steam distillation by Avicenna in the 11th century.
Introduction of new raw ingredients in perfumery.
Perfumery produced from different spices, herbals, and other fragrance materials.
Introduction of jasmine from South and Southeast Asia, and citrus fruits from East Asia in modern perfumery.
Cheap mass production of incenses.
Musk and floral perfumes in the 11th-12th century Arabian Peninsula.[27]

الو

الو

Striking clock
According to a 1202 manuscript written by Ridhwan al-Sa’ati, Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad b. Naser b. Saghir b. Khalid al-Kaysarani contructed the first striking clock in 1154 as part of a clock tower, similar to the Big Ben, near the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria.[49]


[edit] Valve-operated reciprocating suction pump

The valve-operated reciprocating suction piston pump from a manuscript of al-Jazari, the "father of modern day engineering".In 1206, al-Jazari demonstrates the first conversion of rotary to reciprocating motion, the first suction pipes and suction piston pump, and one of the earliest valve operations, when he invented a two cylinder reciprocating suction piston pump, which seems to have had a direct significance in the development of modern engineering. This pump is driven by a water wheel, which drives, through a system of gears, an oscillating slot-rod to which the rods of two pistons are attached. The pistons work in horizontally opposed cylinders, each provided with valve-operated suction and delivery pipes. The delivery pipes are joined above the centre of the machine to form a single outlet into the irrigation system. This pump is remarkable for three reasons:[50]

The earliest known use of a true suction pipe in a pump
The first application of the double-acting principle
The first conversion of rotary to reciprocating motion
For these reasons, this invention is considered important to the development of the steam engine and of modern reciprocating pumps.[50]


[edit] Ventillator
Ventilators were invented in Egypt and were widely used in many houses throughout Cairo since the early Middle Ages. These ventillators were later described in detail by Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi in 1200.[51]


[edit] Watch
According to Will Durant, Abbas Ibn Firnas invented a watch-like device in the 9th century which kept accurate time.[23]


[edit] Windmill
Windmills were first used in eastern Persia (Sistan) by the 9th century, as described by Muslim geographers. These were verticle axle windmills, which had long vertical shafts with rectangle shaped blades.[52] The authenticity of an earlier anecdote of a windmill involving the second caliph Umar (634-644 AD) is questioned on the grounds of being a 10th century amendment.[53] Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind corn or draw up water.


[edit] Other devices

Drawing of the self-trimming lamp in Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir's Arabic treatise on mechanical devices.In the 9th century, the Banū Mūsā brothers invented a number of automata (automatic machines) and mechanical devices, and they described a hundred such devices in their Book of Ingenious Devices. Some of these inventions include:

Valve[54]
Float valve[54]
Feedback controller[54]
Automatic flute player[55]
Programmable machine[55]
Trick devices
Self-trimming lamp (Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir)

Diagram of a water device from a book by Al-Jazari.Along with his inventions above, al-Jazari also designed and constructed a number of other automata, such as kitchen appliances and musical automata powered by water (see one of his works at The Automata of Al-Jazari). Al-Jazari also invented water wheels with cams on their axle used to operate automata.[35]

Al-Jazari described over fifty mechanical devices in six different categories, along with construction drawings. Along with his inventions above, some of the other mechanival devices he described include:[34][35][6][56][57]

Combination locks
Hand washing device
Accurate calibration of orifices
Lamination of timber to reduce warping
Static balancing of wheels
Use of paper models to establish a design
Casting of metals in closed mould boxes with green sand
Trick drinking vessels
Phlebotomy measures
Linkage
Hydraulic devices
Water wheels with cams on their axle used to operate automata
Water pumps
Water level
Constructions of pots and pans for wine making
Construction of ewers and bowls for use as cups
Pools and fountains
Devices able to elevate water from shallow wells or flowing rivers
Several musical instruments
Other machines working by water
Other sundry mechanisms
Several manuscripts on mechanics and automatic machine construction were also available in various libraries in Istanbul.


[edit] Medical technology
Main article: Islamic medicine

[edit] Medical treatments

Avicenna, considered the father of modern medicine and the father of momentum, described various anesthetics and medical and therapeutic drugs in his Canon of Medicine.Modern oral and inhalant anesthesia by Muslim anesthesiologists.[23]
Surgeries under inhalant anesthesia with the use of narcotic-soaked sponges which were placed over the face, by Abu al-Qasim and Ibn Zuhr in Islamic Spain.[23]
Medical and anesthetic use of Opium by Avicenna.[23]
Mercurial compounds as topical antiseptics by al-Razi (10th century).[23]
Application of purified alcohol to wounds as an antiseptic agent by Muslim physicians and surgeons in the 10th century.[23]
Utilization of special methods for maintaining antisepsis prior to and during surgery by surgeons in Islamic Spain.[23]
Specific protocols for maintaining hygiene during the post-operative period, in Córdoba, Spain.[23]
Drug therapy and medicinal drugs for the treatment of specific symptoms and diseases, and the use of practical experience and careful observation, by al-Razi, Avicenna, al-Kindi, Ibn Rushd, Abu al-Qasim, Ibn Zuhr, Ibn Baytar, Ibn al-Jazzar, Ibn Juljul, Ibn al-Quff, Ibn al-Nafis, Al-Biruni, Ibn Sahl.[23]
The word "drug" is derived from Arabic.[23]
Chemotherapeutical drugs in the Muslim world.[23]
Specific substances to destroy microbes, and the application of sulfur topically specifically to kill the scabies mite.[23]
Medicinal-grade alcohol through distillation, and the first distillation devices for use in chemistry manufactured on a large scale, in the 10th century.[23]
Alcohol as a solvent and antiseptic.[23]
Plaster by Abu al-Qasim (Abucasis) in 1000.[58]
Tracheotomy by Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) in the 12th century.[59]
The medical procedure of inoculation in the medieval Muslim world, later followed by the first smallpox vaccine in the form of cowpox, invented in Turkey in the early 18th century.[14]

[edit] Surgical intstruments

Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), the "father of modern surgery", performed surgeries under inhalant anesthesia, and invented the plaster and many surgical instruments.Injection syringe by the Iraqi surgeon, Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili, in the 9th century, using a hollow glass tube and suction to extract and remove cataracts from patients' eyes.
Over 200 surgical instruments were listed by Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis) in the Al-Tasrif (1000), many of which were never used before by any previous surgeons. Hamidan, for example, listed at least twenty six innovative surgical instruments that Abulcasis introduced.
injection syringe by Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili.
Use of catgut for internal stitching, by Abu al-Qasim.
Forceps by Abu al-Qasim in the Al-Tasrif (1000), for extracting a dead fetus.[60]
Ligature, by Abu al-Qasim in the Al-Tasrif, for the arteries in lieu of cauterization.
Surgical needle by Abu al-Qasim in his Al-Tasrif.[59]
Scalpel, curette, retractor, surgical spoon, sound, surgical hook, surgical rod, and specula, by Abu al-Qasim in his Al-Tasrif (1000).[61]
Bone saw by Abu al-Qasim.[14]

[edit] Military technology
After the spread of gunpowder from China to the Muslim world, Muslim engineers developed some of their own weapons for gunpowder warfare.


[edit] Cannons and ballistic war machines
In the 12th century, the Seljuqs had facilities in Sivas for manufacturing war machines. Ballistic weapons were manufactured in the Muslim world since the time of Kublai Khan in the 13th century. According to Chinese sources, two Muslim engineers, Alaaddin and Ismail (d. 1330), built machines of a ballistic-weapons nature before the besieged city of Hang-show between 1271-1273. Alaaddin's weapons also played a major role in the conquest of several other Chinese cities. His son Ma-ho-scha also developed ballistic weapons. Ismail (transliterated as I-ssu-ma-yin) was present in the Mongol siege of Hsiang-yiang, where he built a war machine with the characteristics of a ballistic weapon. Chinese sources mention that when this war machines were fired, the earth and skies shook, the cannons were buried seven feet into the ground and destroyed everything. His son Yakub also developed ballistic war machines.[6]

The Nesri Tarihi in the 15th century states that the Ottoman army used cannons from at least 1421-1422.[6]


[edit] Counterweight trebuchet
Ala'eddin is honoured in the official history of China's Yuan Dynasty, for having constructed the counterweight trebuchet used with gunpowder for Kublai Khan.[62]


[edit] Explosives
Medieval French reports suggest that Muslim engineers used explosives against the Sixth Crusade army led by Ludwig IV, Landgrave of Thuringia in the 13th century.[6]


[edit] Guns and firearms
In the 12th century, a primitive gun that shoots bullets, and later Aydinogullari using using guns firing bullets using springs and which are audible, show that guns were invented by Muslims in its primitive form. The Nesri Tarihi from the 15th century states that the Ottoman army used guns from at least 1421-1422.[6] According to research by Reinuad and Fave, the first firearms were developed by Muslims.[23]


[edit] Torpedo
After the spread of rocket technology from China, this was followed by the invention of torpedoes in the Muslim world, and were driven by a rocket system. The works of Hasan al-Rammah in Syria in 1275 shows illustrations of a torpedo running with a rocket system filled with explosive materials and having three firing points.[6]


[edit] Iron rocket

Tipu Sultan invented the first iron rockets in Mysore, India.The first iron rockets were developed by Tipu Sultan, a Muslim ruler of the South Indian Kingdom of Mysore. He successfully used these iron rockets against the larger forces of the British East India Company during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. The Mysore rockets of this period were much more advanced than what the British had seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missile (up to 2 km range). After Tipu's eventual defeat in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and the capture of the Mysore iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development and were soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars.[63]


[edit] Other weapons
Muslim chemists were the first to purify saltpeter to the weapons-grade purity for use in gunpowder, as potassium nitrate must be purified to be used effectively. This purification process was first described by Ibn Bakhtawayh in his Al-Muqaddimat in the early 11th century.[64][65]

Jean Mathes wrote that Muslim rulers had stockpiles of grenades, rifles, crude cannons, incendiary devices, sulphur bombs and pistols decades before such devices were used in Europe.[23]

A 1356 copy of Alaaddin Tayboga al-Omari al-Saki al-Meliki al-Nasir's Kitab al-hiyal fi'l-hurub ve fath almada'in hifz al-durub contains descriptions on rockets, bombs, and burning arrows.[6][66]


[edit] Writing instruments
The earliest historical record of a reservoir fountain pen dates back to the 10th century. In 953, Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the caliph of Egypt, demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib via gravity and capillary action.[14][67]


[edit] Other inventions
Fielding H. Garrison wrote in the History of Medicine:

"The Saracens themselves were the originators not only of algebra, chemistry, and geology, but of many of the so-called improvements or refinements of civilization, such as street lamps, window-panes, firework, stringed instruments, cultivated fruits, perfumes, spices, etc..."

Other inventions from the Islamic world include:

Quilting, pointed arch, frequency analysis, cryptanalysis, three-course meal, glasses, Persian carpet, modern cheque, and royal pleasure gardens,[14]
Homing pigeons (by Fatimid Caliph Aziz), how the eye works, 1000 year old recipes, rock crystals, musical instruments, musical theory, various fashions, Henna, Miswak, sea navigation techniques, and irrigation techniques.[38][39][68]

[edit] See also
Islamic science
Islamic Golden Age
Timeline of science and technology in the Islamic world
Timeline of invention

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"Ibn Firnas was a polymath: a physician, a rather bad poet, the first to make glass from stones (quartz?), a student of music, and inventor of some sort of metronome."

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^ Roddam Narasimha (1985). Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D. National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.
^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources
^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
^ Alaaddin Tayboga al-Omari al-Saki al-Meliki al-Nasir (1356 copy). Kitab al-hiyal fi'l-hurub ve fath almada'in hifz al-durub. Topkapi Palace, A. 3469, Es'ad Ef. Library No. 1884.
^ Origins of the Fountain Pen, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.
^ Laura Shannon (2006). 1001 Inventions At Museum Of Science And Industry Manchester.

محمدعدنان

Zullu230

خرم شہزاد خرم

nsa47

بہت محنت کی ہے آپ نے ۔

الو

روشنی کے قوانین انعطاف (laws of refraction) کا سہرا اسنیل (1580 تا 1626) کے سر باندھا جاتا ہے، جبکہ ابن الہیثم (965 تا 1040) کے گیارہوں صدی میں کیۓ گۓ تجربات اپنی جگہ، اس سے بھی قبل ابن سھل (940 تا 1000ء) روشنی کے قوانین انعطاف بیان کر چکا تھا، تصویر میں ابن سھل کی کتاب کے ایک صفحے کا عکس پیش ہے۔

nsa47

بہت خوب بھئی زندہ باد ۔

الو

جدید ہندسیات کے بانی الجزاری کا تخلیق کردہ چساؤ فشاری دھکیل (suction piston pump) جو کہ اپنے آلیہ میں صمامی عالجی (valve-operated) ہے، یہی آلیہ موجودہ محرکیات (engines) میں استعمال ہوتا ہے

ابن جلال

بہت خوب۔
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